Modeling petroleum processes petroleum refining processes are highly complex and integrated. Book description table of contents authors book description this text examines the thermal and catalytic processes involved in the refining of petroleum including visbreaking, coking, pyrolysis, catalytic cracking, oligomerization, alkylation, hydrofining, hydroisomerization, hydrocracking. Alkanes are found in nature mainly in natural gas and crude oil from which they are produced on a technical scale in large amounts by distillation and extraction. Coal tar is an incredible mixture of compounds, mostly hydrocarbons, a substantial number of which are arenes. This book was clearly written by a process engineer not a production engineer. Crude oil occupational exposures in petroleum refining. Propane is a very cleanburning fuel, producing mostly water and carbon dioxide during combustion, although contaminants can produce other byproducts.
Components of petroleum are separated using a technique called fractional distillation, i. Alkane sequences form the inert framework of most organic compounds. Alkanes a lthough this chapter is concerned with the chemistry of only one class of. Oclcs webjunction has pulled together information and resources to assist library staff as they consider how to handle coronavirus. Natural gas mainly consists of methane, ethane and small amounts of propane.
Crude oil is used to make fuels for transport heating generating electricity. And there is yet no answer to what will happen when the worlds limited quantities of petroleum and coal are exhausted. Thermal and catalytic processes in petroleum refining 1st. Cracking is the breakdown of a large alkane into smaller, more useful alkenes. For this reason, alkanes are not formally considered a functional group. Mixtures of alkanes, fortunately, are perfectly suitable for uses as fuels, solvents, and lubricants, the primary uses of petroleum. Organic chemistryalkanesethane wikibooks, open books for. Petroleum refiners must face billiondollar investments in equipment in order to meet everchanging environmental requirements. Thermal and catalytic processes in petroleum refiningnook book. Introduction, products, refinerys configurations, hydrogen technologies faculty of chemical engineering and technology university of zagreb ante jukic zavod za tehnologiju nafte i petrokemiju hr0 zagreb, savska cesta 16, p.
Part of the nato asi series book series nssb, volume 221. In its gas form, propane is heavier than air, which means that it. Petroleum formed from the remains of microorganisms that lived in earths oceans millions of years ago. Acetylenebased chemicals from coal and other natural resources, robert j.
The demand for gasoline is much greater than that supplied by the gasoline fraction of petroleum. The other links add value to petroleum mainly by moving and storing it e. Petroleum refinery engineering petroleum is a combustible oily liquid of reddish brown to almost black colour, produced from oilwells. Thermal and catalytic processes in petroleum refining.
It is a mixture of hundreds of different compounds. The correct name is 3 methylhexane new way chemistry for. Saturated hydrocarbons are the basis of petroleum fuels and are found as either linear or branched species. Although a more indepth discussion of chemical nomenclature is. Thermal and catalytic processes in petroleum refining by. Other readers will always be interested in your opinion of the books youve read.
Chemically resistant masonry, walter lee sheppard, jr. The simplest alkane is methane ch 4, which consists of a single carbon atom covalently bonded to four hydrogen atoms. Alkylation, in petroleum refining, chemical process in which light, gaseous hydrocarbons are combined to produce highoctane components of gasoline. It would be timeconsuming and expensive to separate all the different alkanes into pure substances. Although all fractions of petroleum find uses, the greatest demand is for gasoline. It is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and their derivatives containing oxygen, sulphur,nitrogen and minor quantities of some other materials. The molecules most formed are the smaller alkanes used in petrol, such as propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, and octane, the components of liquid petroleum gas. Thermal cracking involves heating alkanes to a high temperature, producing small alkanes such as ethene. A previous handbook, petroleum processing handbook, by bland and davidson is a perfect contrast to this text. Petroleum is used mostly, by volume, for refining into fuel oil and gasoline, both important primary energy sources. Fundamentals of petroleum refining m a fahim download. The simplest hydrocarbons are called alkanes which contain only cc and ch single bonds there are hundreds of different alkanes mixed together in crude oil. It also converts aromatics to cyclic alkanes, olefins to alkanes.
Organic chemistryalkanesethane wikibooks, open books. Chemical reactions of alkanes then will be discussed, with special emphasis on combus. Alkyne chemistry in order to be considered an alkyne also called acetylenes, a hydrocarbon must possess at least one triple bond between two carbons. Without further treatment, petroleum is not very useful. In petrochemistry, petroleum geology and organic chemistry, cracking is the process whereby.
Catalysis of organic reactions, edited by william r. The alkanes are typical examples of nonpolar compounds. During the refining process, crude oil is separated into fractions having similar boiling points. Petroleum refining and the prod uction of ulsg and ulsd october 24, 2011 page 2 2. Cracking is the process of breaking larger alkanes into smaller alkanes. Phillips petroleum company, 1946, by phillips petroleum company and enid champlin refining company page images at hathitrust alkylation of alkanes, new york, reinhold pub. The desulfurization of heavy oils and residua, james g. New way chemistry for hong kong alevel book 3a 19 29. Over time, the remains formed thick layers of mudlike deposits on the ocean floor. Bland and davidson wrote about processing details only someone familiar with refinery and oilfield practices would know intimately. Transportation demands require that over 50% of the crude oil be converted into gasoline. It analyzes the thermodynamics, reaction mechanisms, and kinetics of each process, as well as. Coal and coal tar can be utilized to produce alkanes, but the technology involved is more complex and costly than petroleum refining. A single triple bond results in a hydrocarbon molecule with the general formula of c n h 2n2.
Fractional distillation plays an important role in petroleum refining, which is a series of physical and chemical processes by which the most valuable and useful components are obtained from natural crude oil. We can also provide hydrogen plant operation overthefencesupply, maintenance and repair and emergency supply arrangement to ensure that your business is working at its optimum. Pdf nanotechnology applications in petroleum refining. Supported by numerous illustrations and references, this book describes the chemistry and physics that occur during the refinery operations, and how the properties of petroleum can be translated into predictability in refinery scenarios. They are the basic hydrocarbons and the starting points for understanding the chemistry of other, more complex molecules. In organic chemistry, an alkane, or paraffin a historical name that also has other meanings, is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon. Petroleum refining crude oil production of materials.
The mixture must be separated, or refined, into parts called fractions, which have many commercial uses. Thus the fractions taken contain mixtures of alkanes of similar boiling points see the table below. For example, heavy petroleum distillate products can contain low proportions of normal alkanes and isoprenoids when they are removed during earlier phases of the refining process as components of the light and middlerange distillates figure 5. Each petroleum variety has a unique mix of molecules, which define its physical and chemical properties, like color. Ethane is isolated on an industrial scale from natural gas, and as a byproduct of petroleum refining. In hydrocracking, crude oil is heated at very high pressure, usually around 5,000 kilopascals, in the presence of hydrogen, with a metallic catalyst such as platinum, nickel, or. Alkanes naturally occur in crude oil and are a major component of many fuels and solvents derived from petroleum. Petroleum is a mixture of a very large number of different hydrocarbons.
The ratio of nalkanes to isoalkanes is shown in table 1 for one crude oil sample. Thermal and catalytic processes in petroleum refining serge. William lefflers petroleum refining in nontechnical language, fourth edition is designed to give the reader an overview of key refining topics by using relevant analogies, easytounderstand graphs, formulas, and illustrations. This text examines the thermal and catalytic processes involved in the refining of petroleum including visbreaking, coking, pyrolysis, catalytic cracking, oligomerization, alkylation, hydrofining, hydroisomerization, hydrocracking, and catalytic reforming. Crude oil is a fossil fuel and one of the most important substances in the world. Propane is the main component of liquified gas which, compressed in steel bottles, is being used as heating fuel. This is exemplified by discussing the applications of nanotechnology in several typical petroleum refining processes, including catalytic cracking, oxidative dehydrogenation of alkanes, and. Petroleum crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons consisting mainly of alkanes and cycloalkanes with smaller quantities of unsaturated hydrocarbons including alkenes. The series continues in this manner to include ethane c 2 h 6, propane c 3 h 8, butane c 4 h 10, among others. The chemistry and technology of petroleum, james g. One barrel of crude petroleum contains only 3040% gasoline. Process consulting, financing, erection and startup are all services offered by linde. Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries also referred to as oil refineries to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas lpg, gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils refineries are very large industrial complexes that involve many different processing units. Thermal and catalytic processes in petroleum refining book.
The simplest alkanes have their c atoms bonded in a straight chain. Process feedstocks, which consist of complex and wideboiling mixtures of hydrocarbons, whose exact compositions are unknown. Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries also referred to as oil refineries to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas lpg, gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils. They have unique characteristics that set them apart from other chemical processes, including. Feb 26, 2003 this text examines the thermal and catalytic processes involved in the refining of petroleum including visbreaking, coking, pyrolysis, catalytic cracking, oligomerization, alkylation, hydrofining, hydroisomerization, hydrocracking, and catalytic reforming. Alkanes contain only single bonds, which means they are saturated with hydrogen atoms. The correct name is 3 methylhexane new way chemistry for hong.
Catalytic cracking involves heating higher boiling point petroleum fractions in the presence of a silicabased catalyst, making shorter alkanes which can be used in petrol. It is commonly refined into various types of fuels. Sep 20, 20 petroleum crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons consisting mainly of alkanes and cycloalkanes with smaller quantities of unsaturated hydrocarbons including alkenes. The light hydrocarbons consist of olefins such as propylene and butylene and isoparaffins such as isobutane. These compounds are fed into a reactor, where, under the influence of a sulfuricacid or. Crude oil distillation unit cdu is significant in refinery, and retrofitting a crude oil. At standard temperature and pressure, ethane is a colorless, odorless gas. The boiling point of pure hydrocarbons depends on carbon number, molecular size, and the type of hydrocarbons aliphatic, naphthenic, or aromatic as discussed in lesson 1. In its gas form, propane is heavier than air, which means that it will sink to the lowest point and pool there. These fractions are then modified by cracking, condensation, polymerization, and. Petroleum also contains small amounts of aromatic compounds and sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogencontaining organic compounds.
Cracking is the most important process for the commercial production of gasoline and diesel fuel. Numerous and frequentlyupdated resource results are available from this search. It is a byproduct of natural gas processing and petroleum refining. Reliable information about the coronavirus covid19 is available from the world health organization current situation, international travel. The hydrocarbons in crude oil are mostly alkanes paraffins, cycloalkanes naphthenes and various aromatic hydrocarbons while the other organic compounds. However, the general trend for all crude oils is that the proportion of alkanes decreases as molecular weight increases. In terms of occurrence and use, the simplest examples of alkanes are methane ch 4, the principal constituent of natural gas, ethane c 2 h 6, propane c 3 h 8, widely used as a gaseous fuel, and butane c 4 h 10, the liquid fuel in pocket lighters. Aromatic compounds derive their names from the fact that. Sometimes, the absence of biodegradation is significant. New to this edition is important information on the nature of crude oil and raw materials and a comprehensive. Cracking, in petroleum refining, the process by which heavy hydrocarbon molecules are broken up into lighter molecules by means of heat and usually pressure and sometimes catalysts.
The alkanes range in complexity from the simplest case of methane. A homologous series of alkanes may be formed by adding additional methylene groups ch 2. The formation of branchedchain alkanes, or isoalkanes, leads to the. Petroleum refining at a glance petroleum refining is a unique and critical link in the petroleum supply chain, from the wellhead to the pump. We intermediate between petroleum refineriestrading companies and petroleum product users in subsaharan africa. In other words, an alkane consists of hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a tree structure in which all the carboncarbon bonds are single. Because the design and construction of new processing units entail several years lead time, refiners are reluctant to commit these dollars for equipment that may no longer meet certain conditions when the units come on stream. Petroleum refining and petrochemical processes fkit. Book description table of contents authors book description this text examines the thermal and catalytic processes involved in the refining of petroleum including visbreaking, coking, pyrolysis, catalytic cracking, oligomerization, alkylation, hydrofining, hydroisomerization, hydrocracking, and catalytic reforming. It seems inevitable that the cost of hydrocarbon fuel will continue to rise as supply problems become more difficult. These fractions are then modified by cracking, condensation, polymerization, and alkylation processes, and. Chinas petroleum refining industry, which was developed based on its own technologies and resources, has made great strides over the past 20 yr and has become the focus of the worlds attention.
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